William D. Swenson; Army Master Sgt. Army. For distinguished conduct in the presence of the enemy. [4] Davis told CBS News in 2021 that race was a factor his paperwork disappearing. Right now Im overwhelmed, he told The Associated Press in an interview the day before he attends a White House ceremony where President Joe Biden will hang the blue ribbon holding the Medal of Honor around Davis neck. hide caption. Place and date: Near Medeah Ferme, France, 3 October 1918. Mar 03, 2023, 12:59 ET. The Samoan Civil Wars were a series of conflicts between Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States, ending in the partitioning of the island chain in 1899. The Medal of Honor is the highest award for valor in action against an enemy force which can be bestowed upon an individual serving in the Armed Services of the United States. "I still have an American out there." Then-Capt. 1870 Orion P. Howe 1875 Frank F. Fletcher 1877 William R. Rush 1878 Many of the Medals were awarded posthumously, in recognition of a life cut short. Four of these were for Army personnel, twenty-two went to navy sailors and the remaining thirty-three went to Marines. The war was fought between the Communist-supported Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) and the United States supported Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). In two tours in Vietnam, he also earned the Silver Star, the Bronze Star with "V" device, a Purple Heart with one Bronze Oak Leaf Cluster and the Air Medal with "V" device. [48], The USS Liberty incident was an attack, reportedly due to misidentification, on a neutral United States Navy technical research ship, USS Liberty, by Israeli jet fighter planes and motor torpedo boats on June 8, 1967, during the Six-Day War. Deis, now 79, helped compile the recommendation that was submitted in 2016. Rigg continued his research and found 27 service members were given the Medal of Honor on Iwo Jima seven for actions similar to Jackson's. Of the seven Medal of Honor recipients who jumped . Im just proud of him., who was the most recent medal of honor recipient, what causes delays in medal of honor awards. Davis said there were as many as 700 enemy . Upon reaching the downed Blackhawk, which was under intense enemy fire, Gordon and Shughart pulled the crew from the wreckage and proceeded to set up a defensive perimeter. Ross McGinnis in June for his service in Iraq. He said it wasnt the Green Beret way. Davis repeatedly sprinted into an open rice paddy to rescue each member of his team, according to the ArmyTimes. Of the total of 266 awards, 174 were to the US Army, 15 to the US Navy, 57 to the USMC and 14 to the USAF. Recipient . In the early days of the war, United States President Harry Truman called the United Nations response a "police action". This action by the U.S. indicated high national interest. Colonel Davis was one of the first Black officers in the U.S. Armys Special Forces. I still have an American out there. As the battle neared a close, 19 hours after it began, Davis ran across the field of fire to rescue SP4 Brown before final extraction. Hostilities halted in August of that year, and the Treaty of Paris was signed in December. He will be presented with the Medal of Honor nearly sixty years after his heroic actions during the Vietnam War. Although originally awarded for both combat and non-combat heroism, the Medal of Honor today is presented for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of life, above and beyond the call of duty. The United States needed a formal way to award gallantry in combat. Gordon, the sniper team leader, requested that they be inserted at the 2nd crash site. 3/3/2023 1:16:43 PM. The concluding event was the Second Samoan Civil War. All Rights Reserved. "To receive . The Medal of Honor is the highest medal of valor in battle awarded by the United States to the men and women of the Armed Forces. [31] The immediate cause of the war was the June 28, 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne, by Gavrilo Princip, a Bosnian Serb citizen of Austria-Hungary and member of the Black Hand. It wasnt until just a few years ago that it regained traction, due to people who knew of Davis heroism such as fellow soldier Ron Deis and lobbied top Pentagon officials. Brown never recovered from his severe wounds and passed away four years later. But it would take decades for the honor to happen. During this conflict 471 United States military personnel received the Medal of Honor, 273 of them posthumously. What youre trying to do is stay conscious, stay mission-oriented and help where you could, Davis said. I believe they were intentionally discarded. U.S. NAVY MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS Note to users: To search this list for a specific name, hit both "Ctrl" and "F" on your keyboard. .and what our team did to make sure we left no man behind on that battlefield., On March 3, 2023, President Joe Biden will awarded Colonel Paris Davis (retired), with the Med of Honor at the White House. This medal reflects what teamwork, service and dedication can achieve, Davis said, wearing the Medal of Honor and a green Army service uniform covered with medals and ribbons. Each of the countries reciprocally awarded medals to the U.S. But I can think of no better word to describe Paris.. Colonel Davis was one of the first Black officers in the U.S. Army's Special Forces. . Since 1900, only four have been awarded to Canadians. Late in the afternoon, Davis was able locate his missing man and get him to safety. Davis recalled he wasnt concerned about his own well-being as much as he was concerned about other U.S. troops in harms way. The group had led a company of South Vietnamese soldiers on a raid against a Viet Cong headquarters hours before and were ambushed on their way back to base, Davis recounted. [7], The term Indian Wars is the name generally used in the United States to describe a series of conflicts between colonial or federal governments and the American Indian population resident in North America before the arrival of settlers. Biden noted Davis doesnt like the word I, and prefers team., He felt it was a group effort, Regan Hopper, Davis daughter, said of the battle at Bong Son. I am so very grateful for my family and friends within the military and elsewhere who kept alive the story of A-team, A-321 at Camp Bong Son. U.S. law affords a deceased Medal of Honor recipient the same burial honors as a military member who is killed on active duty. Copyright 2023 the National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation. [67] Seven service members have received the Medal of Honor for actions in Iraq; five from the Army, one from the Marine Corps and one from the Navy. They had just carried out a pre-dawn raid on a North Vietnamese army camp in the area on June 18. In an interview on the Phil Donahue Show in 1969, Davis said there were as many as 700 enemy combatants trying to overrun his position. U.S. Marines invaded and took control of the country within two months; in November that same year, the U.S. imposed a military government. Paris Davis is awarded a Silver Star on Dec. 15, 1965. Our interactive database contains every Medal of Honor recipient since its initial inception in 1861. A second living recipient, Sergeant First Class Leroy Petry, received the medal from President Obama during a July 12, 2011 ceremony. U.S. Army Fort Benning and The Maneuver Center of Excellence Additional Documents File size 27 KB MIME type Of the 3,518 Medal of Honor recipients, nine have been chaplains: four during the Civil War -John Milton Whitehead, Grancis Bloodgood Hall, James Hill and Milton Lorenzo Haney, one from World War II -Lt. Cmdr Joseph Timothy O'Callahan- one from the Korean War -Captain Emil J. Kapaun-and three from the Vietnam War -Captain Angelo J. Liteky, Major Charles Joseph Watters and, Lt . Clinton awards Medal of Honor to 2 killed in Somalia, List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients, List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars, List of Medal of Honor recipients for the SpanishAmerican War, List of PhilippineAmerican War Medal of Honor recipients, List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Boxer Rebellion, List of Medal of Honor recipients (Veracruz), United States occupation of the Mexican port of Veracruz, List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War I, assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, List of Medal of Honor recipients for World War II, List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Battle of Iwo Jima, List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, List of Korean War Medal of Honor recipients, List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War, List of post-Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipients, List of Medal of Honor recipients in non-combat incidents, United States Army Center of Military History, "Medal of Honor Medal of Honor Historical Society of the United States", "Canada honours winners of top U.S. medal", "Thousands of Canadians, including a Medal of Honor recipient, served with the U.S. military in Vietnam", "Winning the west the Army in the Indian Wars, 18651890", "Marine Amphibious Landing in Korea, 1871", "The Price of Freedom: Americans at WarSpanish American War", "The United States Armed Forces and the Mexican Punitive Expedition: Part 1", "The Treaty of Versailles and its Consequences", "The President's News Conference of June 29, 1950 - Teaching American History", "Remembering the Forgotten War: Korea, 19501953", "War to Resist US Aggression And Aid Korea Marked in DPRK", "From the Vietnam War to an Indochina War", "Rebuilding the Army Vietnam to Desert Storm", "The Coming American Retreat from Global Military Interventions", "President Obama to Award Medal of Honor", White House Office of the Press Secretary, "Army Ranger to be awarded Medal of Honor", "Soldiers' selfless acts should inspire at holidays", "Obama OKs Medal of Honor for living Marine", "Rescue Operations in the Second Gulf War", "Operations in Iraq: History of the military campaign in Iraq", "After extraordinary sacrifice - and years of delay", "Pinoy WWII vets still top Fil-Am concern", "Lieutenant William Halford, USN, (18411919)", "List of living Medal of Honor recipients", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Medal_of_Honor_recipients&oldid=1138038602, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States Army Center of Military History, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In total 63 Medals of Honor were received for actions during the occupation; 1 Army, 9 to members of the United States Marine Corps and 53 to Navy personnel.[24]. Puedes cambiar tus opciones en cualquier momento haciendo clic en el enlace Panel de control de privacidad de nuestros sitios y aplicaciones. Navy Lieutenant Michael P. Murphy received his for actions against insurgent forces and for sacrificing his life to call for help when his team had been overwhelmed by a much larger enemy force. During a White House ceremony on Thursday, President Joe Biden awarded three U.S. soldiers with the Medal of Honor. Four of the awards were posthumous. Although Medals of Honor can only be awarded to members of the U.S. Armed Forces, being a U.S. citizen is not a prerequisite for eligibility to receive the medal. Paris Davis in Vietnam, 1965. World War II, or the Second World War, was a global military conflict. Davis said in a statement that Biden's call "prompted a wave of memories of the men and women I served with in Vietnam from the members of 5th Special Forces Group and other U.S. military units to the doctors and nurses who cared for our wounded.". And he is the only Marine to earn the Brevet Medal and two medals of honor, for separate actions. It took place predominantly on and around the Korean island of Ganghwa. (Carlos Bongioanni/Stars and Stripes), I was more than happy to participate in the team to see this wrong being righted, said Deis, who fought in the battle in 1965 with Davis and witnessed his actions on that day. Continued to lead his ship despite being severely wounded, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 18:16. [21], Eighty-six men were awarded the Medal of Honor for their actions in the PhilippineAmerican War: 70 from the Army, 10 from the Navy, and 6 from the Marine Corps. On June 18, 1965, Davis, then a captain in the 5thSpecial Forces Group, was near Camp Bong Son, an American and Army of the Republic of Vietnam base near the central coast, in charge of three other Special Forces members with the 883rdVietnamese Regional Forces Company. There are 473 Medal of Honor recipients from the war. I try not to think about that. I still have an American out there., Then-Capt. The most recent Medal of Honor was given posthumously to Army Spc. . The Medal of Honor was created during the American Civil War and is the highest military decoration presented by the United States government to a member of its armed forces. The Samoan Civil War(s) occurred in the Samoa Islands of the South Pacific in the late 19th century. It is given in recognition of the extraordinary courage and gallantry, "Above and beyond the call of duty", demonstrated by members of the American Armed Forces over the years. [39] Additionally, the only Medal of Honor ever presented to a member of the United States Coast Guard (Douglas Albert Munro) was received for actions during this war.[24]. The latter four of these each received it after being killed while using their own bodies to smother explosive devices to protect their comrades. Official U.S. Army Youtube HOME HISTORY STATISTICS RECIPIENTS RECOMMENDATION PROCESS RESOURCES Statistics These figures represent Medal of Honor recipients from each conflict and branch of. The members of the Society of Right and Harmonious Fists were simply called boxers by the Westerners due to the martial arts and calisthenics they practiced. He had spent more than 12 hours bleeding out in the rice paddy before Davis reached him. This effort has now been realized with the March 3, 2023 presentation of the Medal of Honor to Colonel Paris Davis at the White House. It is awarded by Congress and presented by the president to military men and women who have performed acts of valor, courage, and bravery that distinguish them from others serving in the line of duty. 1st Class Alwyn Cashe and Army Sgt. And we have five here. [23], During the Boxer rebellion, 59 American servicemen received the Medal of Honor for their actions. These adjustments help to make sure that the purchasing power of your benefits keeps up with inflation. The first United States occupation of Haiti began on July 28, 1915 and ended in mid-August 1934. In light of the observance, here are some facts you might not know about the decoration: According to the Congressional Medal of Honor Society, there have been 3,511 brave individuals who have received the Medal of Honor since the decoration's inception in 1861. To date, there have been 3,473 Medals of Honor awarded. I still have an American out there," Davis recalled telling the colonel in the Phil Donohue Show interview. hide caption. [5] Between 1964 and 1979, the United States Senate Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs of the Committee on Labor and Public Welfare and later the Committee on Veterans' Affairs produced a number of consolidated compilations of all Medal of Honor citations to date. Charles Lindbergh received the medal for flying the first solo non-stop flight across the Atlantic Ocean. The Iraq War,[64] known in the United States as Operation Iraqi Freedom,[65] Operation TELIC in the United Kingdom[66] was a conflict which began on March 20, 2003 with the United States-led invasion of Iraq by a multinational coalition composed of United States and United Kingdom troops supported by smaller contingents from Australia, Poland, as well as other nations. There have been twelve awards to the U.S. Army, three to the U.S. Navy, two to the U.S. Marine Corps and one to the U.S. Air Force. Over 60 million people, the majority of them civilians, were killed, making it the deadliest conflict in human history. After receiving the call from President Biden announcing the award, Colonel Davis responded in a family statement, The call today from President Biden prompted a wave of memories of the men and women I served with in Vietnam from the members of 5th Special Forces Group and other U.S. military units to the doctors and nurses who cared for our wounded. Brent Woods (1855-1906), United States Army. He compares receiving the medal to getting a long-anticipated ice cream cone and says the wait in no way lessens the honor. When youre fighting, youre not thinking about this moment, Davis said. Medal of Honor recipient returns to active duty Michelle Tan Army Times View Comments 0:00 0:57 WASHINGTON Army Capt. For saving many lives as a medic during a number of vicious firefights. I have to say at the outset and I've had the great honor and we have other Medal of Honor recipients here . The ribbon is spangled with a cluster of 13 white stars representing the original States. As they monitored the downing of the second Blackhawk, it became evident that ground forces would not be available to secure the crash site and protect the critically injured crew of four, all of whom survived the crash. [70] In addition to the medals that were presented for lifesaving acts, one Medal of Honor was presented to William Halford, who sailed in a small boat for 31 days to get help for the other crew of USSSaginaw who had been stranded on an island. "Sir, I'm just not going to leave. The other process is through nomination by a member of Congress, usually at the request of a constituent and approved by a special act of Congress. Civil War raged across the land from April 12, 1861 to May 9, 1865. Once Davis managed to get the wounded men to the rescue helicopter, his colonel ordered him to get on the chopper. Sir, Im just not going to leave, was Davis response, Biden said. There have been 87 African-American recipients, 41 Hispanic-American recipients, 22 Native American recipients, 22 Asian-American recipients, and one female recipient. The Medal of Honor is bestowed upon a member of the United States armed forces who distinguishes themselves "conspicuously by gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty while engaged in an action against an enemy of the United States." [2] MOUNT PLEASANT, S.C.-The Congressional Medal of Honor Society (the Society) welcomes Medal of Honor Recipient Paris Davis as its newest member. 5 Dennis M. Fujii, U.S. Army (2022) Sergeant First Class Christopher Celiz, U.S. Army (2021) Master Sergeant Earl Plumlee, U.S. Army (2021) Sergeant First Class Alwyn Cashe, U.S. Army (2021) MEDAL OF HONOR RECIPIENTS. He said he knew Davis had been recommended for the Medal of Honor shortly after the battle in 1965 and he spent years wondering why Davis hadnt been awarded the medal. (Ron Deis), Davis got back to the wounded medic, and the frightened soldier asked Davis if he was going to die. He also earned two masters degrees and a doctorate. [69], Before 1963, the Medal of Honor could be received for actions not involving direct combat with enemy or opposing foreign forces and 193 men earned the medal in this way. May 4, 2022 MIA-Medal of Honor recipient and WWII Army pilot laid to rest March 18, 2022 U.S. Army STAND-TO! In the ensuing battle, two UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters were shot down. One by one that day, soldiers in Davis unit were hit with enemy fire and laid wounded in a rice paddy in Hoai Nhon District in what was then South Vietnam. Davis had managed to save two of his men who had been wounded in a rice paddy, he recalled. Leroy Petry; Army Sgt. After the Second World War both the Army and Navy produced hardbound Medal of Honor compilations. He was inducted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2019. The following pages list Medal of Honor recipients by time period and conflict; in some cases, citations are also provided. [49], Since the end of the Vietnam War, also known as the Vietnam Conflict and Second Indochina War,[51][52] the United States was involved in a number of smaller conflicts during the end of the Cold War, including in Grenada, Panama, and elsewhere. The most common is a service member submits a nomination through the chain of command. This resulted in the complete activation of a nation's economic, industrial, and scientific capabilities for the purposes of the war effort. After almost 20 hours of fighting ended, Davis had rescued every wounded American soldier. Also a total of 21 (4.5% of all World War II Medals of Honor) were awarded to members of the all-Japanese American 100th Infantry Battalion of the 442nd Regimental Combat Team, for actions in numerous battles across six different campaigns. . Of the 3,515 Medals of Honor awarded by the United States, some 2,018 have gone to Irish-Americans, according to research cited by Patrick McDermot of Irish Veterans Post 2, created in Tampa in . The stated purpose of the invasion was to capture Osama bin Laden, destroy al-Qaeda and remove the Taliban regime which had provided support and safe harbor to al-Qaeda. Stood on the gunwale on the Benicia's launch, lashed to the ridgerope and remained unflinchingly in this dangerous position and gave his soundings with coolness and accuracy under a heavy fire. The Medal of Honor was established by a joint resolution of Congress in July 1862, and was first issued during the Civil War. The situation deteriorated as the morning became the afternoon. Davis, a native of Cleveland, retired in 1985 at the rank of colonel and now lives in Alexandria, Virginia, just outside Washington. During the hours-long engagement, Davis constantly fought enemy troops while encouraging those around him. Additionally, you can jump to the letter of the alphabet that their last name starts with . African American US Medal Of Honor Recipients During The Civil War - Part I: US Navy Published February 18, 2021 By John V. Quarstein The Medal of Honor was established in 1862 to honor soldiers and sailors who served beyond the call of duty. The retaliation by Austria-Hungary against Serbia activated a series of alliances that set off a chain reaction of war declarations. For information on Medal of Honor recipients visit the Congressional Medal of Honor Society; or for specific issues email the . Looking on at right is Secretary of Veterans Affairs Denis McDonough. [24] One of those awarded the Medal of Honor for rescuing others was Fireman Second Class Telesforo Trinidad, who, as of 2020, has been the only Asian American sailor to be awarded the Medal of Honor. The first Medal of Honor was awarded to Army Pvt. He was admitted into the Ranger Hall of Fame in 2019. Secretary of Defense Lloyd Austin smiles as retired Army Col. Paris Davis walks beside President Joe Biden upon arriving for a White House ceremony in which Biden presented Davis the Medal of Honor for his heroic actions in Vietnam nearly 58 years ago. (Carlos Bongioanni/Stars and Stripes), President Joe Biden congratulates retired Army Col. Paris Davis during a ceremony at the White House on Friday, March 3, 2023, moments after Biden presented Davis the Medal of Honor for his gallantry and heroic battle actions in Vietnam in 1965. Jacob Parrot, and five others, on March 25, 1863, for their service in the Civil War. When asked in 1969 about the racial aspect of military service in the 1960s, Davis recalled, In the dark, brown is just as black or white as anyone else.. Birth: New York, N.Y. G.O. [22], The Boxer Movement or Boxer Rebellion, which occurred in China from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, was an uprising by members of the Chinese Society of Right and Harmonious Fists against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty). Corporal. (Carlos Bongioanni/Stars and Stripes), Within minutes, the jungle lit up with enemy fire, Biden said in his remarks at Fridays ceremony, with Davis seated to his right. His entire team survived. There were no citations issued for the Medal of Honor during the 1991 Persian Gulf War by any service. Retired Army Col. Paris D. Davis, 83, receives the highest military honor 58 years after he was first nominated for heroism during the Vietnam War. Quote: 'America was behind me.' [62][63] An additional eleven living recipients have been awarded the Medal of Honor since Meyer. This includes headstone, six military pallbearers, a bugler,. In command of the three squads which advanced in three different directions, led his men forward, surprising and scattering the Cacos, and aiding the capture of Fort Dipitie. But with all the decorations and accomplishments, Davis is also known for his humility. He is the eighth living recipient to be awarded the Medal of Honor for actions in Afghanistan. This article is about the recipients of the U.S. medal. Davis could tell the Green Beret was gravely wounded, but was unsure to what extent. In North Korea, while commonly known as the Korean War, it is formally called the Fatherland Liberation War. Smedley Butler served 34 years as a Marine, where he fought in the Phillippine-American War, the Mexican Revolution and WWI. the last surviving WWII Medal of Honor recipient dies at 98 . The conflicts joined from two separate conflicts. But by time the sun came up, they found themselves under full enemy attack and were trying to evade a constant barrage of bullets and artillery. Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, McKenzie was struck by a sword and received a severe cut in the head from the blow. [8], While current law, (10U.S.C. Arthur MacArthur served during the Civil . Recent Medal-of-Honor Recipients Specialist Five Dwight W. Birdwell, U.S. Army (2022) Major John J. Duffy, U.S. Army (2022) Spc. For taking a match-lock from the hands of the enemy while advancing to the parapet, Merton was severely wounded in the arm while trying to force his way into the fort, Fighting courageously in hand-to-hand combat, Owens was badly wounded by the enemy during this action, Braving the enemy fire, Purvis was the first to scale the walls of the fort and capture their flag, Fighting courageously at the side of Lt. McKee during this action, Rogers was wounded by the enemy, Fighting at the side of Lt. McKee, by whom he was especially commended, Troy was badly wounded by the enemy, For distinguishing himself by his conduct in the presence of the enemy. Medal of Honor. Second award previously awarded a Medal of Honor for action in the Boxer Rebellion. After the action, Davis continued his Army career and later commanded the 10thSpecial Forces. They attacked foreigners who were building railroads and supposedly violating Feng shui, as well as Christians, who were held responsible for the foreigners in China. The first began in Asia in 1937 as the Second Sino-Japanese War; the other began in Europe in 1939 with the German and Russian invasion of Poland. [46] Thomas Bennett was a conscientious objector who received the medal for his actions as a medic;[47] three chaplains received the medal, including Vincent R. Capodanno, who served with the Marine Corps and was known as the Grunt Padre. I believe that someone purposely lost the paperwork, Ron Deis, a junior member of Davis team in Bong Son, told the AP in a separate interview. The Treaty of Paris ended the conflict 109 days after the outbreak of war giving the United States ownership of the former Spanish colonies of Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam. 1st Class Melvin Morris. The uprising began as a xenophobic, anti-foreign, nationalist peasant-based movement in northern China. Arthur and Douglas MacArthur and Theodore Roosevelt and Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., were awarded this signal of honor for their gallant efforts dating from the Civil War through World War II. Assisted in capturing the Korean flag from the citadel of the fort, For hand-to-hand combat and saving the life of Alexander McKenzie, Returned to duty after being wounded several times, Carrying out his duties with coolness, Grace set forth gallant and meritorious conduct throughout this action, Serving as color bearer of the battalion, Hayden planted his flag and protected it under heavy fire, Fighting the enemy inside the fort, Lukes received a severe cut over the head. In the years before 1782, when the Purple Heart's predecessor, the Badge of Military Merit, was first created, most military awards were only given to officers who had secured grand victories in battle. The Medal of Honor is the most prestigious honor any U.S. Armed Services member can receive. You just havent licked it.. Davis said his answer was brief and firm: Not before me.. Despite an order to submit new paperwork, the recommendation was lost again. The conflict was then expanded by the United States, China's and the Soviet Union's involvement.
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